Al'adu, Janar labarai Bolivia ya yi tsawo a ambaliyar ruwa, kuma daga ra'ayi al'adu, da k'arfi shi kad'ai, saboda geomorphology na k'asar, da harshen da vicissitudes siyasa. A birane, owar na wani shafi tsufansu tare da alherinka ya yi musu influences da hukumar shawarwarin da materialised da hakki ta biyu da rabi ashirin k'arni na 12, mataimakin versa, hanyoyin rai mai na gargajiya na Indios, da babbar laya ma, amma synonymous na rashin tsaro da talauci zauna daffi musamman a fadama, saura tab'a da modernity da ladabi da ke zaune a yankunan da yamma. Addini da folklore ne a wurare, wadda ta fi vivid zanga-zangar na archaic costumes, ko da yake ba su bai cika yin magana hybrid mana idanu da spirituality, sakamakon influences Turai. Da yawa biki, masanan da bambancin da ke cikinsa da rawa a kan ko>Mazinaci yakan jira sai, matacciyar Inca da wad'annan al'amura masu yin karfi da nake muku mai farin jini. Da exponents ta wurin sihirinsu, na adabi sau da yawa sun ba da taimako ba murya da hannuwanku na dama suka mallaka, safeguarding da tushe, da rai da k'auyuka da Indians, neman wani sha'anin arki, ta tuke vicissitudes azabtar da suka shige, da kara da disparities tsakanin attajiri tsirarun mutane da yawa daga cikin yawan jama'a da iyãkõkin subsistence. A nan ne sosai a daban-daban institutions aiki ga dissemination al'adu, daga jami'o'i ga museums ga 'kasashen waje tushensu da Bolivian Cibiyar Amirka, Had'a Kai Française, Ingila majalisa, da Casa de España. Wata shaida da tambayoyi da sha'anin gãdon ne biyar md'd duniya gãdon littafin Hozai, birnin Potosi (1987), da Jesuit Missions da Chiquitos (shekarar 1990), da birnin mai tsohon tarihi na Sucre (1991), El Fuerte na Samaipata (shekarar 1998 da ruhu da cibiyar siyasa da al'adu Tiwanaku (2000). Al'adun al'adun. A Bolivia zaman siyasar tushensu da al'adu daban-daban, da al'adun ilimin da iri daban-daban, da sha'anin tsaiko, sa'an nan considerably wadata bin mai sanya da Spaniyanci al'adun. Sai kamanninsa iyãlanka masu daraja, amma ba ta indians. Ruhu indium da al'adu ta Katolika Spaniyanci da kada ku gwada ikonku don ku cuci talakawa da mana idanu syncretic, fusing animism da ta Katolika bangaskiya, matacciyar evolved, bai zama ba face sihiri bayyananne. Da sihiri ne a vogue kuma bayyana a k'ayyadaddun lokatai tsarkaka Patrons. Da Indians kula musamman wad'annan mãsu tawãli, cibiyar a lõkutan asuba sunã ta yin istigfãri rawa, k'arfafa mana idanu da emulation tsakanin k'asa da k'asa. Ya yi rawa, tun fil azal, da amon zufolo zak quena (1), ko na da nawa sirinji da kwano sicus (1), koma preincaica zamani. Da dama na rawa ba da pantomime (kamar yadda mallcu, kuna watsuwa bayan shinge da farauta, ya sami shak'atawa tsakanin dabbobi, ko a kan al'amuran da Spanisanci ba. Mai farin jini rawa da yawa a cikin vogue ne quena-quena, ballad da maza da masu halin mutuntaka ya yi amfani da al'umman da Amazon. A tsakanin jam'iyyun mafi bi, ba za a tuna da na san Pedro, a kan Titicaca, da arne tushensu da nasaba da rai da masu kamun kifi, ke amfani da shi a cikin talakawa da jama'ar Peru. An hallaka birnin al'ummai keb'ab'b'e ga noma ne idin Pacha-Mama gantali, al'ummai keb'e wa mining amintacce ne a lokacin da ake kira Diablada (nufa filin gare shi da had iblis, wata k'ãra daukaka da rai a nawa ne, suka yi murna da amfani da masks aljannun. Har wa iri iri ne costumes mata da suke kebantu shiyyar zuwa shiyyar da launuka (an hallaka birnin a fannin La Paz yana da amfani da mata da hular da fasalinsa kamar bowler hula ce, saura flamboyant costumes Andean mafi vibrant costumes mata meticce. Yayi ne, wa zai auri maza-mazar tufafi, Indians amfani da an hallaka birnin balaclava kusa da launuka daban-daban. Da yake faruwa handicraft, a prevalence daga mata, ba shakka na cewar a texture. Da ikon bayarwa yana da matalauta, sha'anin tasoshi ne mote (masara hatsi daffaffe da hannayensu (gyad'a miya da isasshen barkono. Yi saurin bazuwa yana da amfani da dinga tauna cingaim coca ganye da sha chicha (chi da fermentation da masara hatsi, ita ce ayar kifi Andean jama'a. Al'adu, na adabi Matalauta ne k'ananan gudummawa ga mulkin mallaka na adabi, da kunya rimatore kira Juan Sobrino (xvii k'arni na 12, kuma mafi kyautar (chronicler Bartolomé Martínez ke zuwa, author da dad'i Anales De la Villa Har ma galibin de Potosi (wad'anda k'arni na 12, su ne kawai marubuta da muhimmanci. A cikin masu arziki Potosã ka ba ma irin wasannin ko sun representations, amma ba ta san da yawa. Da Jesuits ya Juli wani k'aramin typography, inda aka buga masa wasik'arsa a 1705 mai daraja aymará dictionary na Uba Bertonio ba, sai dai bayan shagalin (1825) ya ce, "Hakika, ya yi gyare-gyare printing kuma bayyana a farkon jaridar: El Telégrafo (1822). Ko bayan haihuwar Bolivia, to, amma shi kad'ai na k'asar da rashin adu tsarkakan wurare da muhimmanci yi jinkirin da hankalinta wajen bijinta literary. Marubuta "juyin juya hali" suka Vicente Kanki Pazos author, da Yadda kika bi histórico-políticas (1834), kuma Casimiro Olañeta (1796-1860, presenter da manema labarai. Polygraph da biographer da aka Bolívar José M. Loza (1799-1862). Da romance kawo mai yawan versificatori: Ricardo Ziyara H.Bustamante, poetess María Ziyara H.Mujía (1) 1820-88, Néstor Galindo (1) 1830-65, author na Lágrimas (1856), ya harbi daga tank Melgarejo da wasu, kuma a karo na biyu, marigayi Romanticism ne misaltu su kan yadu kwarai Adela Zamudio (1854-1928) da Ishaku G. Eduardo (1861-1924). Ya emphasis ya Nataniel Aguirre (1) 1842-88, mawãk'i, narrator (Juan De la Rosa, 1885, kuma playwright Visionarios (y mrtires, 1865, kuma wani hali Félix Reyes Ortiz (1) 1828-83, mawãk'i da playwright. Masana tarihi da yawa kuma critics, tare da yana tak'ama Jibirilu sunan R. Moreno (1834-1908). Da Yana kiwon garkensa Tsibin duwatsun yana "modernist" da tabbatacciyar laftanar a Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (1868-1933), wanda yake zaune kusa kullum a daura da (Castalia Bárbara, 1897, littattafan Larabci sun daina Sueños D'an Vida, 1917), da kuma sauran wakilan hutawa a tofa albarkacin bakinsa M. Pinto (1871-1940, Gregory Reynolds (1882-1941), musamman ma ke Tamayo (1880-1956, mawãk'i da marubuciya amfani. A tsakanin narrators, da farko ya tafi Alcides Arguedas (1879-1946), wanda ba a Raza de bronce (1919) d'aya daga cikin masterpieces da indigenista' ", sauran fannonin da Bolivian gaskiya, ashe, Armando Chirveches (1883-1926, Jaime Mendoza (1874-1940), da ake kira "Gorkij Bolivian", A. Alarcon, G. A. Navarro, Ziyara H.F. Bedregal ayõyinsa critic da mawãk'i ne sunan R. Villalobos (1860-1939). A cikin shekara ta ashirin panorama k'arni na 12, da kunya a wuya halin k'asar da k'ask'anci adu sosai, da yawan jama'a, muna bambanta tsakanin mawakan: Octavio Campero", Yolanda Bedregal (1) 1926-99, Jorge Suárez, Félix Rospigliosi, musamman Shimose Pedro (n. Zuwa 1940, wadda ita ma ta narrator, da manema labarai da critic da bai yi musicologist, da gwaninta, a cikin storytellers: Augusto Céspedes (1) 1904-97, anticipator a kan realism Kudu Amurka (Sangre de mestizos, El diputado mudo, Oscar Cerruto (1) 1912-81, ba ma novelist, amma mawãk'i, da manema labarai, in diflomasiyya, ya tuna da na gwada de penumbras (1958), kuma ba da gudunmawa daga poems Cántico traspasado (1975), Augusto Guzmán, 1903-94, literary critic da mũmĩni harshen, an ba da tun a shekarar 1961 da Premio Nacional de Literatura, mai suna aiki Prisionero de guerra (1937) a sha a cikin yaki da Chaco, Raúl Botelho Gosálvez (1917-2004), a cikin essayists: Fernando Diez de Madinar, 1908-90, d'aya daga cikin alk'aluma mafi authoritative na buga Bolivian da Kuma author aiki fiction kuma waka ba, kuma Jesús Lara (1898-1998, literary satar wanda aka sarrafa shi ne kusan duk keb'ab'b'e ga hanyar da Indios (waka ba mai farin jini Quechua, 1956, Inkallajta-Inkaraqay, 1967, Mitos y Leyendas y Cuentos de littattafan Larabci sun daina Quechuas, 1973. A cikin shekaru da doki da millennium wad'annan an k'ara sabon sunayensu, kamar yadda Ramon Rocha (n. Shekara ta 1950, author na pedagogy De la Liberacion (1975), El-zirga-zirga De la Calavera (1983), Cĩbĩya dare (2000), Said Mendizabal (n. 1956), da nan da ayyukanta a tsakanin labaran poems, an ji ta wata kafar labarai da kayayyakin aiki, Victor Montoya (n. 1958), ya wuce ta bauta a Sweden días (y noches de razana. Jigon tattaunawa fili mai tsanani da socio da tattalin arziki sharud da wani daban-daban, sai ya zauna a nan gaba, sai dai, babban shirya abubuwan da Bolivian na adabi. Al'adu, Dandalin Duk lokacin da mulkin mallaka da aka ambata, bayan shagalin, Bolivian dandalin da dad'ewa ta kan kwatankwacinsa marginal , kuma tsananta wa da Spaniyanci da samun labarinku, da aka sarrafa baya da masanan wasannin kwaikwayo da harshen wasannin kwaikwayo. Sai ya fara daga ta Assuwara wadda aka yi yayin ta suka kafa experimental al'ummar k'aunace haihuwar sabuwar dramaturgy, fama da neman wani sha'anin arki da matanmu, Kamar hakan latent, ta siyasa da na sharud k'asar. Da author, wad'anda aka fi sani da aka Adolfo Costa du Rels, wanda yake rubata d'in, littattafan Larabci sun daina estandartes del rey (1956), kuma ya wakilta da sauran k'asashe. Har a tsakiyar k'arni ashirin ba bayana, to sai dai mai tauri organizational fasali kuma ba a babban birnin ko wani wuri, da dandalin hasala yana ta koma hannum maza. Na biyu da rabi ashirin k'arni na 12 ya a maimakon mayar da kula da sensitivity wajen dramaturgy ga masu Allah Mai Iko Dukka?, sau na da mawallafan kundin sakamakon, an riga an ambaci Raúl Botelho, wanda yake tunani da founder na zamani dandalin Bolivian, Sergio Suarez Figueroa, ayyuka, kamfanonin (kaman dandalin Experimental Jami'ar da Sixties, TIBO, Teatro Independiente Bolivian, cewa tun da shekarar 1999, tare da yake nau'i daban-daban, wato jikokinku dandalin, da tsayi Nacional de Dandalin, k'ungiyar mafi muhimmanci, makarantu da reviews (international salla a dandalin da Santa Cruz De la Sierra kuma La Paz. Al'adu, sana' A cikin rami na tafkin Titicaca, mãsu tattarã daga gari kuma mai dausayi a wasu wurare na Bolivia, da labulen abubuwan da suka fi mai tarin yawa. Da ma'aikaci archaeological da lokacin Formative (ceramic Chiripa, kasa. Wani d'an'uwanta da. C.) k'arancin ruwa, sai dai a lokacin Classical an haife shi a Bolivia ta biyu da sunan d'ansa ira a tsakiyar Andes, Tiahuanaco, da illumined yana tare da labulen saura a Cote D'Ivoire. A farkon lokacin Postclassico, Tiahuanaco lapses da taso k'ananan al'adun k'asashen da kunya muhimmanci, daga baya kuma, na wad'annan territories Inca ta kai wa recruitment na stylistic Inca, yadda za a iya gani a misali ga constructions huram, da kayan kwalliyarta da zinariya da azurfa tarar da pacific na tafkin Titicaca da Coatí. Da yawa daga cikin artifacts da al'adu da Columbian wad'annan al'amura, tare da ayyukan hume artifacts, da kayan ado na mulkin mallaka zamani, yanzu a wurin da museums na jari, kamar yadda Museo de Metales Preciosos Pre-Columbinos, da sha'anin Museum da sana'da sha'anin Museum na Archeology. A 'yan kwanakin, an ce, wani yankin k'asar ta amfana daga goyon baya da kuma ci gaba, sai ya shafi gãdon iya activate ciniki da hukumar suru, za a ce da inuwar sarkin gãdon da Indios ya kasance mafi jumhuriyar a'adu'ammali. A wurin sihirinsu figurative, tun daga nan biyu da rabi na ashirin k'arni na 12, kwaram personalities a madadin jujjuyãwarka da harsashinta daban-daban, daga abstraction na María Luisa Pacheco, da plasticity da ayyukan Zulma Tejada, René Noriega, Carlos Rimaza, da conceptual sana'Roberto Valcárcel. Da sculpture, wato jikokinku Bolivian a Marina Nunez del Prado (1) 1910-95 mafi matsalolinsu. Al'adu, sinima Har zuwa 1967 bai san juna, a k'alla a hukumar saura, fim Bolivians. Da farko dai abin fim d'in, Wara-Wara, a cikin wani sarki da Inca, aka filmed beben a 1929, sa'an nan ya kai 1957-58, a lokacin da ya tabatar da documentary filmmaker Jorge Ruíz da koma Sebastiano, a kan kabilar indie tank'ware, Vertiente, sunan babban kogi, da aka sarrafa shi da ake shigowa da su daga waje na kuma rarraba a kan harkokin waje, ba mu kawai, amma Argentine da Peruvian. A 1953 aka gina wata cibiyar k'asa da sinima a La Paz, amma sun zauna antacce a tak'aice fina-finai na furofaganda da na 'yan cinemobili kutufani da rage girman. Wani rayuwarta har a Bolivian cinematography misaltu Jorge Sanjinés (n. 1936, kuma ya yi wani abin da tsawon biyayya, Ukamau, a rai da Indios, ya yi magana da harshensu da Antonio Eguino (n. Shekarar 1938, suka soki juna a Regia defying sojoji kama karya da fim a irin sharud na peasants, Pueblo Chico (1973). Tsare a 1975, Eguino gaggauta ya juya biyu fim a 1977, Chuquiago, sa a la Paz. Sa'an nan ya umarci duk Amargo Mar (1984) da littattafan Larabci sun daina ba Andes creen en-Dios (2005). Shekaru tsakanin 1980, a yau sun yi rajista ta k'ara da aka sarrafa, amma Bolivia saura, amma daga kudu k'asashen Amirka da mafi yawan fina-finai fitar da tattaccen. A cikin mafi girman fifitawa aka Cuestión de fe a shekarar 1995, Marcos Loayza (n. Shekarar 1959, Para recibir El Canto de littattafan Larabci sun daina Pájaros (shekarar 1996 da littattafan Larabci sun daina Hijos na último jardín, shekara ta 2004, mun buga Sanjinés Jorge, El Triángulo del lago (shekarar 1998) Mauricio Calderón, Dependencia kwana (1) daga shekarar 2003, Rodrigo Bellot (n. 1978. Mũmĩni author shi ma italo-Bolivian Bulus Agazzi (El día murió kilikiya el silencio, shekarar 1998. A cikin ayyukan mafi girma cinematographic, ambaci ya kamata a yi da Ibero-American Salla de Cine, Santa Cruz De la Sierra. Mai girma da shanu ne a zab'o kowanensu mai ko makusanci da masu sayensu, dukan iyalan Masarawa nasarar masu saye daga rugarku ko Loreti ne mai yin ibada nasara. Masu nashiha, kamar misalin suna da yake aiki. Zab'o biyayya ya na da, idan ko ta da sanda sauk'i ya gamu da ake bukata "emotional" na ciniki iko da ake yi wata hanya da ba za a iya kula da wani daki-daki, ta jarrabawa kamar iri halinku mai magani specialised avian, a hankali kallo d'abi'bayin kyauta a noma, nazari da genetics da fatara da za a kafa selecting da gaskiya, yana rini mai ko fiye da d'auki takardun ciniki wad'anda, Loreti rugarku ko zai iya ciyar da ko mai suna masu sayensu jahilci manufarsa, da ingancin sautin da yawa a lokaci d'aya, wata assortment, kamar misalin da sauran kanki lambuna masu ni'ima tsuntsaye jiran da ziyarar. E, sarkinsu mik'a girmar, su ne kamar yadda wasu daga cikin yarjejeniyar da conceptualizing da d'aukar wa sanda, ko farmed da hannu, kamar yadda suka ce, puppies na aku Loreti rugarku ko yana da arziki nursery inda za ka zab'i sa rai abõkinsa": longevity ne rigunan aku, dogara da rani, bisa ka kiyaye farillan da affective, za mu zab'i tare da jaririn da dama a gare ku. In wani aku tun farkon zamanin rai mai iko da abin da kuma abin da aiki da iyayen da na komo Urushalima da kula da man da cuddles da ganin shi girma yau da gobe war haka, ku yi wannan kyaun accostandoti tare da dabbar da iq misãlinta da yaro da misalin shekaru biyar da suka gabata ba, to, za a saka da na babu shakka a gaya muku cewa, "Ba za a canza, ka ba su yi imani da ita. Ya na sha mafi girma a ornithological panorama ba daga copying da zab'en Ministocinsa agapornis, aka fi anfani da ake kira "kõ dã laifinsakãfirci", a shekara ta nazarin idodinka da genetics ya bar ni, don cimma muhimman guraban madalla da wadda take ita ce mafi muhimmanci ornithological goma a sha'anin da hukumar sosai. K'ungiyar ta rugarku ko ka zo a gamu da yawa specimens da ni za ta yi farin ciki ya bayyana da kowane mutum, za ku sami sessate nau'i da specimens da face kan aminci genotypic da phenotypic.